Sherlock Holmes And Christopher Boone English Language Essay

Sherlock Holmes And Christopher Boone English Language Essay In Mark Haddons short-story, The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time Christopher Boone, the hero has proposed a few times that he, accomplishing some analyst work himself, is a lot of like Sir Arthur Conan Doyles renowned character, Sherlock Holmes. In light of the heroes unusual conduct and considerations, numerous individuals imagine that he has a dysfunctional behavior. What's more, as he is so much like Sherlock Holmes, who is a fairly curious figure himself, we can enroll the primary similitudes and contrasts between the two anecdotal characters. As of Holmes character, I decided to pick the BBC adjustment of 2010 and 2012, in light of the fact that it is a lot nearer in time and setting than that of the first stories. Be that as it may, before beginning the rundown, lets see what the primary disorder of Asperger are, the expected psychological maladjustment of Christopher. The seriousness of Asperger can change from gentle to extreme. They for the most part don't endure well any progressions and frequently have over the top schedules. They for the most part have an extraordinary enthusiasm, where they are great. At youthful age, these side effects can prompt inflexibility, however later in adulthood it really may bring about a lavish transporter. Particularly in the event that we obliging their capacity to learn social abilities as others can figure out how to ride a bicycle. Be that as it may, in any event toward the start, they can't generally peruse non-verbal communication and other non-verbal language and can't quantify appropriate body space and they frequently keep away from look. They seem, by all accounts, to be particularly delicate to specific sounds, contact, light, to which others are definitely not. This causes a weird and odd conduct in some cases. Thus, their mates will regularly observe them a pariah and fake them for this. It won't as sist with facilitating this circumstance the way that individuals who experience the ill effects of Aspergers condition have an inborn naivety and an ordinary IQ, however have uncommon ability in a specific region. Regarding their utilization of language, they appear to create like every other person. In any case, they regularly have a bigger measure of jargon than others of their age, and furthermore they are extremely clear in their selection of words. In different cases, they may experience a few difficulties in language utilization in social environment.â [1]â Since we have seen the fundamental manifestations of Asperger, we can go on to the models from Haddons work and the amount they really apply for its hero, Christopher. Parallelled to this, we will see the similitudes and intermittent contrasts among him and Sherlock Holmes. A few researchers even assume that Holmes has numerous side effects of Asperger, in this way was the primary character (albeit anecdotal), who experienced this sort of psychological sickness, even idea it was portrayed first in 1944 and recognized distinctly in 1994. [2] Others believe that Doyle, because of his clinical examinations, may have known a portion of these symptoms.â [3]â As a matter of first importance, as we have seen, the fundamental trait of this disease is being solitary. In the short-story, Christopher doesn't appear to know numerous individuals, nor does he want to. His most significant contact is with his dad, with whom he lives and who get him and can manage his children disease, on the in spite of his own mom. His mom composed Christopher this, how she was unable to adapt to the peculiar conduct of his child, however how patient was his dad typically with him. After his dad he makes reference to particularly a ton Siobhan, the school-specialist, who causes him and attempts to show him social contacts. In addition, she is one of only a handful rare sorts of people who can coax Christopher out from his standard hush state. Thus to the job of Siobhan in the young men life, Dr. Watson continually attempts to shield Holmes from offending , and as a rule attempts to get him to act in a socially worthy way. Somehow or another, he is the typical par tner of Holmes anomalous life.â [4]â Lestrade: [㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦] Weve discovered Rachel. Sherlock Holmes: Who right? Lestrade: Jennifer Wilsons just girl. [㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦] Sherlock Holmes: You have to get Rachel. You have to address her. I need to scrutinize her. Lestrade: Shes dead. Sherlock Holmes: Excellent! Sherlock Holmes: How, when and why? Is there an association? Thereâ hasâ to be. Lestrade: Well, I question it, since shes been dead for a long time. In fact she was rarely alive. Rachel was Jennifer Wilsons stillborn little girl, fourteen years back. Sherlock Holmes: No, that is that is wrong. How Why might she do that? Why? [㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦] John Watson: You said that the casualties all took the harm themselves, that heâ makesâ them take it. All things considered, possibly he I dont know, converses with them? Perhaps he utilized the demise of her little girl by one way or another. Sherlock Holmes: Yeah, yet that wasâ agesâ ago. For what reason would she despite everything be disturbed? (John gazes at him. Sherlock dithers as he understands that everybody in the level has halted what theyre doing and has fallen quiet. He looks around the room and afterward takes a gander at John.) Sherlock Holmes: Not great? John Watson: Bitâ not great, better believe it. At the point when Christopher converses with others, for instance Mrs. Alexander, he expresses that it is hard for him to banter with them, since he doesn't have any acquaintance with them, along these lines doesn't confide in them; and furthermore in light of the fact that visiting with somebody isn't simple for them. In any case, strangely, the kid every so often can defeat his troubles and for quite a while can keep up a typical discussion with the old woman. Parallelly, Sherlock doesn't appear to have numerous companions, yet at the same time is more social than Christopher, he doesn't have an issue with conversing with anybody. Despite the fact that them two appear to experience troubles at the territory of social contacts, the additionally both attempt to improve their aptitudes. In the short-story we frequently read that Christopher says or accomplishes something since he is informed that is the best possible comment or do. For instance, when Ed Boone, his dad sets him up some dinner, we read: What's more, I stated, Thank you for dinner, since that is being polite.â [5]â In BBC Sherlock, in the scene Scandal in Belgravia at the Christmas celebration, Holmes babbles a long and very impolite monolog about Mollys particularly flirtatious looks, with which she wishes to lure a mystery sweetheart. At the point when it turns out it is really Sherlock with whom Molly is infatuated with, in this way mortifying Molly before the entire room, Holmes at last expressions of remorse. For a short second we can see Watsons face, which is unmistakably astounded by Sherlocks expression of remorse. From this scene we can perceive how he attempts to reclaim the offending things he said so anyone can hear. Regarding this introverted conduct, individuals who have this sickness, will in general have some issue with feelings and their acknowledgment. At the earliest reference point of his book, Christopher gives us a few drawings of smileys. He says he can get bliss and pity, however not the other outward appearances which show progressively complex emotions. [6] It appears he is by one way or another uncaring toward generally sort of feelings. It particularly appears in his selection of words and straightforwardness: What's more, Mrs. Alexander stated, Your mom, before she kicked the bucket, was generally excellent companions with Mr. Shears. What's more, I stated, I know. What's more, she stated, No, Christopher. I m not certain that you do. I imply that they were generally excellent companions. Incredibly, old buddies. I pondered this for some time and stated, Do you imply that they were doing sex? Also, Mrs. Alexander stated, Yes, Christopher. That is the thing that I mean. It appears that even demise doesn't generally trouble him. This trademark is found in Sherlock Holmes, as well. Indeed, this is his one of his most acclaimed highlights: being the man of rationale and not that of feelings. For instance in the funeral home, in a similar scene of BBC Sherlock, the Holmes siblings see a family on Christmas Eve who most likely lost a family member and they are, obviously, crushed. In any case, they simply watch them, saying: Sherlock Holmes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Look at them. They all consideration to such an extent. Do you ever think about whether theres a major issue with us?â Mycroft Holmes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾All lives end. All hearts are broken. Caring isn't a favorable position, Sherlock.â [7]â Additionally, in The Hounds of Baskerville where Holmes purposely harms his lone companion, and when Watson examines him concerning it, he doesn't appear to be exceptionally fretted over the issue. John Watson: So you missed the point. Sherlock Holmes: No. John Watson: You weren't right. It wasnt in the sugar. You got itâ wrong. Sherlock Holmes: A piece. It wont happen again.â [8]â It is critical to take note of that on the opposite of Christopher, Sherlock can really imagine any sort of feeling just to get some data, he effectively controls anybody without a touch of disappointment. Sherlock Holmes: Mrs Monkford? (She goes to him mournfully.) Mrs. Monkford: Yes. Mrs. Monkford: Sorry, yet Ive effectively spoken with two cops. John Watson: No, were not from the police; were (Sherlock holds his hand out to her, his voice mournful and tremulous.) Sherlock Holmes: Sherlock Holmes. Exceptionally old companion of your spouses. We, um (As she shakes his hand, he looks down as though retaliating his tears.) Sherlock Holmes: we grew up together. Mrs. Monkford: Im sorry, who? I dont think he at any point referenced you. Sherlock Holmes (still weepy): Oh, heâ mustâ have done. This will be this is shocking, isnt it? Sherlock Holmes: I mean, I simply cant trust it. I just observed him a few days ago. Regular old Ian not a consideration on the planet. (He grins sorrowfully at her.) Mrs. Monkford: Sorry, however my significant other has been discouraged for quite a long time. Whoâ areâ you? Sherlock Holmes: Really peculiar that he employed a vehicle. For what reason would he do that? Its somewhat dubious, isnt it? (At this point he has tears running down his cheeks.) Mrs. Monkford: No, it isnt. He neglected to reestablish the expense on the vehicle, there's nothing more to it. Sherlock Holmes: Oh, well, that was Ian! That was Ian everywhere! Mrs. Monkford: No it wasnt. (Immediately Sherlocks counterfeit persona drops and he takes a gander at her seriously.) Sh

The Early New England and Chesapeake Regions Essays

The Early New England and Chesapeake Regions Essays The Early New England and Chesapeake Regions Paper The Early New England and Chesapeake Regions Paper Despite the fact that the New England and Chesapeake areas were settled by individuals from a similar nation, they formed into altogether different social orders in light of the fact that their unique pilgrims were hugely assorted. The Chesapeake area slanted more towards work and business, while the New England district was family arranged. While the exiled people to the Chesapeake area wanted budgetary reasons, the Puritans came to New England to run from strict oppression. Lastly, the Chesapeake zone was entirely flimsy and under clash while the North kept up lawfulness. Displaced people to the Chesapeake settled essentially for monetary reasons, and the Puritans settled the New England zone for strict issues. As we probably am aware, the Puritans initially settled in the Mass. Sound Area Colony and accepted they were on a crucial God. God omnipotent in his generally blessed and shrewd provision hath disposedwe must sew together in this and work as small time (doc. A). The Puritans accepted that they were a model for the remainder of the world and that the eyes surprisingly have arrived. Exiled people to the Chesapeake locale moved for money related reasons, in all probability being youthful, contracted hirelings. Some of them accepted that there was a fortune of gold in the settlements. They burrowed gold, washed gold, refined old, and stacked gold (doc. F). The exiled people were generally youthful, around ages 19-30 (doc. C) searching for a methods for monetary benefit. Proceeding onward, the Puritans of the New England territory generally went to the New World with their whole families, while wanderers to the Chesapeake locale were single, for the most part youngsters. The Puritans would have liked to build up networks in New England, in this way they brought along their entire family. Joseph Hull, a clergyman, brought along his significant other, 7 children, and hirelings to the New World (doc. B). These individuals actually uncovered their underlying foundations and planted them in the New World.

Top 10 Ice Breaker Activities for Meetings, Training, and Team Building Sessions

Top 10 Ice Breaker Activities for Meetings, Training, and Team Building Sessions Whenever you’re faced with a situation where you’re in a room with random people, you can feel a little cautious. Meeting and training sessions can be awkward. Even when you’ve spent a lot of time working in a team, you might realize you don’t really know the people around you that well.For these moments, ice breaker games and teambuilding exercises can be a great way to kick-start things. While there are plenty of bad games out there, the following ten are sure to break the ice and help the team become better at communicating with each other.1. FIND THE COMMONALITYThe game is a perfect team bonding game.Setting upYou’ll need a group of people divided into pairs or larger groups of three to five, depending on the group size. You can play this game in any office setting.The game will take around 10 to 15 minutes to finish.The premiseThe groups or pairs will have to take a few minutes trying to find one thing they have in common. This could be a thing they have or something t hey like doing. You can even make it about statements they both agree with.However, it can’t be something obvious such as that they both have a nose or they all work for the same company.You also don’t want it to be something broad, such as that they both love to eat. Better commonalities would be things like “We both liked Band X in High School” or “We both made our first travel abroad at the age of 20”.Once you’ve given everyone a few minutes to think and everyone has found the commonality, each pair or group can then share it with the rest of the group.Why it’s good?The game is a great team building exercise because it focuses on finding something common rather than just sharing facts about yourself. It can help people feel more connected to each other and while people are looking to find the commonality, they’ll also share more information about themselves, helping to get to know each other.There’s also plenty of creative thinking involved. You have to think about different things you might have in common, using your thinking and communication skills along the way.You can add a bit more fun to the game by having each team “act out” the commonality in the end with the other teams trying to figure out what it is. Think in terms of charades. Teams can then get points for a right guess.You can also tweak the ice breaker game by having the groups or pairs list five commonalities instead of one.2. TWO TRUTHS AND A LIEThis is a great game for getting to know each other.Setting upYou can do this with any group of people in an office space.The best is to let people sit in a circle but any formation that allows them to see each other would do.The game takes around 15 to 30 minutes, depending on your group size.The premiseEach person has to think two truthful statements about themselves and one lie. These can be about anything such as things they like, things they’ve done and so on.You want all of them to sound plausible, as you don’t want the lie to stand out as an obvious untruth. For example, “I’ve been to the moon” wouldn’t see very plausible while “I broke my back at a skiing accident” could well be true.You will then go around one by one, each person saying the statements aloud. Once the person has made the three statements in a random order, the rest of the group will try to guess which one is the lie.Why it’s good?This is a great ice breaker game and a very traditional one to play. It allows people to get to know each other and have a few laughs on the way.It gives the team members a good way of letting other people know them and perhaps even fix some assumptions people might have made.To mix it up, you can have people write down the statements and mix the lies and truths around. Instead of two truths and a lie, people can simply make two lies and one truth.3. FIVE OF ANYTHINGFive of Anything is a classic game of team bonding.Setting upYou will just need your group of people, an office space and a pen and paper for each member of the team. You should divide the people into smaller teams of five (or smaller). It’s also a good idea to have topic ideas listed for the task.The activity takes around 5 to 15 minutes to finish, depending on the size of the group.The premiseThe teams will be given a topic and their task is to list five of their favorite things on that topic. The topics can be:Five of booksFive of moviesFive of foodsFive of languagesFive of spicesThe opportunities are rather endless in terms of the topics.Each member can write their top five and once everyone is finished, you take turns to share your favorite things with each other.Why it’s good?It’s a great game allowing people to share things about themselves and to possibly find out similarities they share. The game helps people to get to know each other while having a bit of fun.If you’re holding an office meeting, it’s possible to make the five things about the meeting’s topic. For example, five of your favourite marketing strategies or so on.If you have enough time, you can also have the smaller teams share their five favourites with the rest of the teams.4. THE GOOD AND THE BADThis is a lovely game of revealing interesting stories about yourself and finding ways to turn the negatives into positive.Setting upYou want to divide your group into pairs. If you don’t have even numbers, you can make a larger team of three or even five if you want.You don’t need any props â€" just a room for people to sit in pairs or groups.The game will take about five to ten minutes to finish.The premiseEach person will have to make a statement reflecting the most negative experience they have had. When they first make the statement they talk about the negative â€" what was so bad about the event?Afterwards, they have to focus on the good with the help of the team. Essentially, together with others, they should focus on finding the silver lining â€" perhaps something good came out of it or th e event taught them something valuable.The bad event or experience can be work related or something personal. Everyone can freely choose what they want to talk about and which event they shall pick.Why it’s good?This beautiful ice breaker game is a great way to get to know people and to create feelings of empathy. It shows that even bad things can be turned into strengths and shows the power of focusing on the positive.As mentioned above, you can have people do the activity in small groups rather than pairs. You can also make the groups think about random negative events (losing your first job) rather than everyone having to pick an event out of their own lives.5. THE ONE QUESTIONThe One Question is a problem-solving game that shows how people think in different situations.Setting upYou will need to divide your group of people into a few teams of three to five people.It’s not necessary to have a lot of space â€" just enough for people to talk amongst the group. You won’t need any props but you should prepare a list of the different situations beforehand.The game takes around 15 to 20 minutes to complete.The premiseThe objective is to come up with a single question that the team finds the best for a situation they have been presented with. In effect, you will be presented with a situation and you only have one question to ask to solve it.Here are a few ideas for the game:Marriage â€" what is the one question to ask to find your ideal spouse?Babysitting â€" what is the best question to ask a babysitter?Recruitment â€" what single question is worth asking when hiring for a specific situation?Essentially, the question is to find if a person is suitable for a specific situation or to deal with a particular problem.When you have the teams set up, you present them the situation and give them 10 or so minutes to think about the question. You can then share the solutions with the rest of the group and talk about what others think.Why it’s good?The game is a gre at way to show your creative thinking. It tests people’s ability to think outside the box and to solve problems. It will force everyone to communicate and give their opinions regarding different things â€" it will help everyone know what each other think.You can twist it around by also thinking about the one question you don’t want to ask in this situation â€" i.e. what are the things people might think about asking that are not worth it.6. SNEAK A PEEKSneak a peak is a fun problem-solving game.Setting upYou’ll need a group of people divided into teams of four to seven people, depending on the number of people available. In terms of space, any kind of office space will do and you can use separate rooms if needed.As props, you will need children’s building blocks such as Legos. You, essentially, need blocks that can be stacked and attached to each other in order to create different designs.The game takes 10 to 15 minutes to complete.The premiseThe organizer of the game should create a Lego (or building block) structure or design prior to the event. Keep this hidden from the participants at the start.Divide people into the groups and let them pick one person who will take the first look at your structure. The selected member from each team will get to view the structure for 10 seconds after which they have 30 seconds to explain what they saw to the rest of the team. The team will then try building a copy of the structure. The building phase will last just a minute.After this, a different person will go and take a peak for 10 seconds. Again, they’ll have 30 seconds to explain what they saw and the team has 1 minute to build. Repeat this process until one team builds an exact replica and wins.It’s important that there’s no talking during the 10-second peaking and no building during the 30-second explanation. The person who goes to take a peak should always be someone who hasn’t seen it yet until everyone has seen it and you can start repeating the viewers.Why it’s good?The game requires a lot of creative thinking, the ability to solve problems and great communication. The team members have to be able to communicate effectively and focus on the key points, as there is no time to waste.If you don’t have access to Lego or other similar blocks, you could make it about a drawing or even a puzzle. You can also tweak the times. For example, allow only 20 seconds for explaining or 30 seconds for the building.7. BLIND DRAWINGBlind Drawing is a game of communication and problem solving.Setting upYou will need to divide your team into pairs so this only works when you have an even number of people in the room.The game requires pens and papers so prepare those for each team.You might also want to prepare a list of things the teams will be drawing â€" these can be written on individual pieces of paper and placed in a hat for each person to draw out.The duration of the game is 10 to 15 minutes.The premiseEach pair will have one person drawing and one person explaining. The person explaining will pick an item from your list (or draw it from the hat) and then they’ll have to start explaining what it is. The person drawing will listen to those instructions and make a drawing based on what they are being told.The trick is that the person explaining cannot actually use the defining things for the thing. Let’s say they are drawing an apple, they can’t just go and say, “Draw an apple”.Furthermore, the idea is not to make the person guess what they are supposed to draw. So again, in terms of the apple, you don’t want the person explaining say, “It’s a fruit that grows in a tree”. Instead they need to guide the person through the drawing process â€" making statements like “Start by creating an almost round shape, In the middle of the to part, you want to draw a thick stick like thing.”Once the drawing is done, the members of the pair will swap places.Why it’s good?The game is a great test of commun ication skills. People need to be able to find understanding between them and communicate efficiently. It can be fun while still testing how good each person is at solving problems â€" how to make the other person draw exactly what you want.You can make this even trickier by removing words and instead of explaining the thing, the person has to act out what they want the drawer to draw.8. THE DESERT ISLANDThe Desert Island is another classic game to reveal facts about yourself.Setting upThe game works with any number of people and they can be sitting in a circle or any other formation that allows them to see each other.It should take no longer than 10 to 20 minutes to play the game, depending on how many people are taking part.The premiseEach person takes a turn to answer their Desert Island question and explain the reasoning. These are, essentially, questions about things you would take with you, do, or say if you were stranded on a desert island.Popular questions include:Who would you take on a desert island if you have to choose one deceased person, one famous person and one person from your friends or family?What book would you take with you?What album would you take with you?What item would you take with you?The person can pick just one item or thing or you can agree to allow three favorite things.Why it’s good?The Desert Island is a classic look inside someone’s mind. It’s good for getting to know people and perhaps find those commonalities between each other. It’s light-hearted fun helping to break the ice.You can make it about teams instead of individuals and have the team decide among themselves what they’d answer to each question.You can also place the questions into a hat and have everyone draw a question randomly, making it harder to pick with less time.9. THE PERFECT SQUAREThis is a fun game testing problem solving and leadership.Setting upYou’ll need a group of people and if you have a large group (over eight people, for example), you can divide them into groups of four or more.You will also need a rather large area with no obstructions (tables and chairs) because you need to group to be able to move freely.In terms of props, prepare to have a long rope for each team and blindfolds (scarfs, etc.) for each member of the team.The premiseThe purpose of the game is to create a square while holding the rope and wearing blindfolds. Start by having the team form circle and give each person a part of the robe to hold (everyone is holding on to the same robe).Each person should then have to wear blindfolds and you’ll reveal to them that they must now form a square. They can talk as much as they want but they can’t remove the blindfold.When they think they’ve made the Perfect Square, they can stop and remove the blindfold.Why it’s good?The game is a lot of fun and you will test people’s communication and leadership skills. It’s a good way of seeing who likes to lead and how, allowing people to let their communi cation skills to shine.You can make the game a lot trickier and different by only allowing the team to talk and plan before the blindfolds are put on. You can further change things around by allowing only one person to speak at a time for 30 seconds. This makes sure everyone has to take charge and lead. The person allowed to speak can then rotate every 30 seconds.10. CLASSIFY THISClassify This is a fun game testing creative thinking.Setting upYou want to divide a group of people into smaller teams of three to five people.As props, you will need to bring 20 or so everyday items that don’t have any apparent connection with each other. For example, things like toys, office supplies, clothing, cutlery and so on.The game will take around 10 to 20 minutes.The premiseThe objective is for each team to classify the 20 items into four groups of five. You try to find a unique way of grouping the five things with each other. Since the items are different, the classifications will require a bi t of creative thinking.Once each group has done this, they shall share the classifications with other teams and explain their reasoning behind the decisions. The reasons can vary from them being made from the same material to the color and so on.Why it’s good?The game can be a rather fun way of testing creative thinking. It allows people to talk with each other and reveal things about how they think when it comes to things.You can tweak this game by adding another layer to the task. Instead of just classifying, you also have to come up with a function for those grouped items.

The Role of the Great Mother in Beowulf Essay - 1990 Words

The Role of the Great Mother in Beowulf Grendels dam is not simply a wandering fiend (1621), a swamp thing from hell (1518), or a troll-dam (1391). She is an example of what Erich Neuhmann in his book, The Great Mother, calls an embodiment of the Great Mother in her negative elementary character (147). Her realms are the underworld, a cave below a lake, both symbols of the unconscious. She is begetter and child bearer, creator and destroyer of life; she nourishes and ensures the fertility of the land and people through her thirst for blood and sacrifice as a ritual for rebirth. As a pre-Christian goddess, she is not categorized as evil, but rather as a necessary power to balance light and dark, life and death.†¦show more content†¦She is the tiger, the vulture, the wolf, voraciously licking up the blood seed of men and beasts, and, once fecundated and sated, casting it out again in new birth (Neuhmann 149-150). In Beowulf, her domain is the underworld, the cave below the mere, a hellish turn-hole (1513), her womb of death (Neuhmann 172), where she attracts and draws in all living things (Neuhmann 172). In the text, it is clear that Grendels dam falls into the negative classification of the Great Mother: she is a monstrous hell bride (1258), a hell-dam (1292), a force for evil (1339). Here, we can clearly see that the Christian labeling of the Great Mothers negative aspect has been applied to Grendels dam and she is not viewed as the balancing and necessary opposite of the positive, but has become evil, kin to the devil. As a devil/demon she has been forced down into fearful waters (1292), suppressed and denied, by the Christian usurpers of her domain, yet she lives on and e xtends a presence in the land of Hrothgar. Indeed, his subjects continue to pay homage to the pagan gods despite the influence of Christianity as the narrator suggests: sometimes at pagan shrines they vowed offerings to idols, swore oaths that the killer of souls might come to their aid and save the people (175-178). Christianity has failed to protect against the wergild demanded by the Great Mother; incensed at the desertion of her worshipers, the Great Mother and her son seekShow MoreRelatedThe Epic Of Beowulf, Grendel s Mother, And The Fire Dragon782 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the epic of Beowulf there are three main battles; the battle with Grendel, Grendel s Mother, and the Fire Dragon. While there are notable differences be- tween the battles, common motivations and themes exist. The epic s protagonist King of Geats Beowulf, is a great warrior who fights with courage and honor to fulfill his role as a hero. The sense of duty associated with being a hero inspires him to fight, but ultimately leads him to his demise. 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At first glance the two stories, Beowulf and Sense and Sensibility, are completely different, but if you look closer, youll find as many similarities as differences, its just that the differences are the most prevalent elements of these two literary pieces. To start off, Beowulf and Sense and Sensibility are very different. Firstly, Beowulf is an epic lyric poem; a lyric poem is a poem meant to sung, while an epic poem is an elegy, aRead MoreThe Importance Of Female Heroism Through The Epic Of Beowulf1660 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf is known for displaying the importance of male heroism via Beowulf, but what about the significance of the women in the poem? The significance of women in Beowulf is overshadowed by the great heroism of the character Beowulf, but the women each have a reason for participating in the epic. The ideal woman was someone who was a noble, a mistress and loyal. An ideal woman is described in Maxim I: â€Å"at mead drinking she must at all times and places approach the protector of princes first, in frontRead MoreTheme Of Supernatural In Beowulf1142 Words   |  5 Pagesidea of the supernatural is very prevalent in Beowulf; describe three instances where supernatural beings or ideas come into play and what they add to the plot. In the story of Beowulf there are three different references to supernatural beings. Grendel along with his mother portrays evilness and the other is a fire breathing dragon. In the beginning of the story the narrator describes Grendel to be feared among the town and very strong. As said in Beowulf â€Å"He was spawned in that slime, Conceived by

Writing Assignment Introduction And Goals - 911 Words

Writing Assignment: Introduction and Goals 1. Where are you from originally? Are you currently working? If so, in which field and what position? If not, which field and position would you like to work in? If you’re not sure what you want to do professionally, tell us about that as well. My name is Kelvin Tan. I am from Myanmar aka Burma. Burmese language is my first language other than English. I came to United States 4 years ago with my mother and my brother as an immigrant. I completed my high school in 2005 since we only have tenth grade as highest grade in high school. After my high school, I studied computer science and business administrative as majors from UK program for two years. At the same time, I also worked my way up to†¦show more content†¦Currently, I am taking this communication class, Graphic Design drawing class and social dance class. I believe this class can help me gain positive impact on my communication skill, personal development, professional development and becoming aware of the importance of career and leadership communication in the Global Workplace. 3. Where would you like to see yourself in your career one year from now? Three years from now? First, complete my AA degree of Graphic Design and communication by the end of 2015 and would like to start working as graphic designer in big company. After three years, I would like to be senior graphic designer or project manager in the field. My professional goal would be running my own business as an Entrepreneur. 4. What are three ideas/skills would you like to learn from this class to become a more effective professional communicator? For reference, see the list of course objectives on page 1 of the course syllabus. Why are these three ideas/skills important to you? Be specific and provide examples from your experience to support your points. F. write a professional resume. Since resume is the first meeting between you and a prospective employer, you only have a few moments to convince the employer that your resume deserves further attention before it s trashed. Resumes tell an employer a great deal about you. Where you have been, where you are and where you are headed.

Battle of Monmouth Free Essays

June of 1778, General Washington is planning to attack General Sir Henry Clinton and his troops as they march from Philadelphia to New York. Washington sent 5,000 men with Major General Charles Lee to attack the British rear guard. Lee is forced to retreat, but Washington is ready for the British with the main army. We will write a custom essay sample on Battle of Monmouth or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the end the both sides had claimed victory. Near Monmouth County Courthouse, the battle was fought on June 28, 1778. The weather was so hot on the day of the battle that many soldiers suffered from heat stroke. Many of Washington’s officers favored his plans to attack General Clinton, but Major General Lee was against it. Lee felt that after their alliance with the French, that they shouldn’t attack the British unless they have overwhelming superiority. Washington decided to send 4,000 men to attack Clintons rear guard, Lee turned down command of the force. After Washington raised the amount of men to 5,000, Lee demanded to be given command. Lee was given strict orders to hold a meeting to determine the plan of attack with his officers. During the meeting, Lee told the officers to be alert for orders during the battle instead of planning it out. When they encountered the British, Lee quickly lost control. After this the British moved to flank Lee’s men, when Lee saw this he ordered a retreat. Washington had been bringing the main army up when he saw Lee’s forces retreating. Washington located Lee and dismissed him after not receiving a satisfactory answer as to what had happened. Washington rallied Lee’s men and held off the British just long enough to set positions in the west. After fighting till sometime in the late afternoon, the British retreated. Washington hoped to pursue but his men were exhausted from fighting all day in the heat. The Battle of Monmouth was the last major battle fought in the north during the war. After the battle the British had held up in New York and focused on the southern colonies. Lee requested a court martial to prove his innocence from any wrong doings after the battle. Washington then filed formal charges against Lee, where he was found guilty and suspended. During the Battle a woman who was bringing water to American artillery men is said to of taken over firing for her husband when he had fallen. How to cite Battle of Monmouth, Papers

American Romanticism Essay Example For Students

American Romanticism Essay ROMANTICISMIn the nineteenth century, the foundation of American literature had a profound change. This was called from Reason to Romance or Romanticism. With many contributions of famous writers such as Irving, Cooper, Bryant, and Poe composed the stories and poems which all of them had a great value in the American literature. What is the Romanticism and how dies it effect to the American literature? By taking some compositions from these writers, there will be good answers for those questions. According to some information in English books, the critics said the name Romantic can be misleading because the Romantics do not necessarily write about the love. The Romanticism can be viewed as an artistic movement, or state of mind, or both. This movement seemed to be reaction against the dominant attitudes and approaches of the eighteenth century. Unlike the eighteenth century, writers who interest in reaction, logic, and scientific observation, the Romantics stressed the examination of inner feelings, emotions and the use of imagination. This seemed to be the first element in Romanticism. It appeals to emotion rather than reason. Also, the Romanticism explores the mysteries of nature and supernatural. It reflects interesting in nature because the Romantics describe their story and poem about America wilderness or countryside or they depicted nature. This element that the reader can recognize clearly in the compositions of these writers above. The third element that the Romantic s interest in unusual or ordinary. Furthermore, Romantics had a strong belief in democracy, a deep awareness in the past. Some writers explore the mysteries of nature, the inner self and the relationship between the nature and human imagination. Also it delved into a history of young nation or tradition of the United States.This element will explain the spirit of Nationalism. Using these elements discussed above, this essay will parallel with two representative compositions of Washington Irving, The Devil and Tom Walker, and The Raven poem of Edgar Allan Poe, these will be proved clearly for this thesis. First, the representative Romantic who become the first writer American literature to achieve international reputation, as Washington Irving. He was born in a wealthy New York family. He spent much time traveling in European and reading almost European literature, he wrote the folk tale as The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and The Devil and Tom Walker. In The Devil and Tom Walker Irving c reated this famous folktale by reshaping a German folktale that implicates the stereotype of a person who selling his soul to devil. Irving makes the tale distinctly American by setting it in New England during late 1720s- a time that the Puritanism, especially the belief that a person life should be devoted to God, was being replaced by commercialism and the desire for personal gain. The Devil tells him about a great treasure of Kidd the pirate.Tom tells to his wife, and she tries to get the treasure by she dies because of her greed. Tom gets the treasure by selling his soul to the devil but in the end, the devil comes for his soul and takes him away. The story relates to the nature because Irving put the scenes of the swamp. He describes the swamp like a horrible and mystery place. The story also describes the feelings of each character dramatically. Especially, the feeling of greed that states clearly in main character Tom Walker. When he knows his wife doesnt return, he just wor ries about the value that his wife brought with her. The story shows an interest in the unusual such as Irving describes the death of Toms wife. Her hair, lung and her apron were hung on the tree. This folk tale story is also an important lesson that teaches people-dont be greedy. .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c , .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c .postImageUrl , .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c , .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c:hover , .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c:visited , .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c:active { border:0!important; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c:active , .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Who Is Responsible For Cleanup Under CERCLA? Essay Therefore, Irving succeeded in creating folktale story that is Romantic. How about the poems? Talking about the poems, the reader can recognize the poems of Edgar Allan Poe are romantic. He was born in 1809 and during his life; he lived in deep of sorrow and disappointment. The Raven is one of his poems that decides his soul clearly, and explains why he thought the significant of his life, has died. He tried to read the book to forget the sadness, and thought that she was still here. The mysterious bird he calls the Raven wakes his mind up and he realizes that his wife is truly gone. Analyzing Poes poem, the reader will see how he put all elements of Romanticism in the poem The Raven. The first thing that it relates to the nature. He describes the scene of the poem, which was in the break of December. The darkness and quiet are around his house with the cold of winter. The Raven, a black bird came suddenly with the mystery. The other element that can be in his poem is unusual of the raven. The Raven used to talk and repeat just one word Nevermore, but because of that word, it helped Poe recognizes the death of his special wife. Poe describes his soul through the poem with the deep of sorrow and sadness. This can be proved for the first element of Romanticism that appealed to emotion rather than reason. Generally, with two examples above that proves and explains Romanticism. Also with the composition of those writers who helped to American literary heritage, this change can explain the differences between the writer of the eighteenth century and the writer of nineteenth century. In my opinion, Romantic stories or poems help people realize their feelings and face the problems in daily life. Good stories teach lessons help people to become better.

Presidential Succession Essays - , Term Papers

Presidential Succession Presidential Succession, is a term that describes the arrangements under which presidential authority in the United States may be transferred other than by means of the quadrennial presidential ELECTION. Specifically, it embraces those procedures that apply to cases involving the death, resignation, removal, or inability of a PRESIDENT or VICE PRESIDENT, and the death or failure to qualify of a president-elect or vice president-elect. These procedures are defined in three parts of the U. S. CONSTITUTION--Article II, Section 1, Clause 6; the 20th Amendment; and the 25th Amendment--and in the presidential-succession law passed by Congress in 1947. The importance of a system of presidential succession has been demonstrated repeatedly throughout American history, but especially in the 20th century. Between 1901 and 1974, five vice presidents became president as a result of four presidential deaths and one resignation. In the 19th century four other vice presidents became president after a president's death. Between 1841 and 1975, more than one third of the presidents either died in office, resigned, or became disabled. Of the elected vice presidents, seven have died in office and two have resigned. Altogether, the second office has been vacant for more than 37 years. Present System Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 of the Constitution, as supplemented by Section 1 of the 25th Amendment, provides that the vice president becomes president in the event of the death, resignation, or removal of the president. When any of these contingencies occurs, the vice president takes the presidential oath and serves as president for the rest of the term. Section 2 of the 25th Amendment prescribes a procedure for filling a vice-presidential vacancy. The president nominates a vice president, who must be confirmed by a majority vote of each House of CONGRESS. Sections 3 and 4 of the 25th Amendment deal with a case in which some condition or circumstance, such as a physical or mental inability, prevents the president from discharging his powers and duties. These sections make clear that in a case of inability, the vice president simply discharges the powers and duties of president until the president recovers from the inability. Section 3 allows the president to declare the beginning and ending of his own inability. Section 4, covering the case in which the president is unable to make or communicate a decision of inability, authorizes the vice president and a majority of the cabinet "or of such other body as Congress may by law provide" to declare the existence of such an inability. When an inability is declared under Section 4, the president is prevented from resuming his powers and duties for a period of four days from the time he declares the end of such an inability. If during the four-day period the vice president and cabinet should dispute the president's declaration of recovery, the Congress must then decide the issue. It has a maximum of 21 days to do so, and a two-thirds vote of each house is required to prevent the president from resuming his powers and duties. During the period Congress has to decide, the vice president continues to act as president. Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 also authorizes Congress to establish a line of succession to the presidency in the event of simultaneous vacancies in the offices of president and vice president. Pursuant to this provision, Congress adopted a law in 1947 that places the following persons in the line of succession after the vice president: first the Speaker of the House, then the president pro tempore of the Senate, and then the members of the cabinet in the order in which their departments were created. The 20th Amendment provides for other contingencies. In the event of the death of a president-elect, it provides that the vice president-elect shall become president for the full term. If a president-elect fails to qualify--for example, by falling short of residency or age requirements--then the vice president-elect acts as president until the president qualifies. The amendment further authorizes Congress to provide for the death or failure to qualify of both the president-elect and vice president-elect, which Congress has done in the succession law of 1947. Presidential Inability Before the adoption of the 25th Amendment in 1967, the cornerstone of the U. S. presidential succession system was found in Article II, Section 1, Clause 6, which provides: "In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may

Comparación entre la visa K-3 y green card

Comparacià ³n entre la visa K-3 y green card Si eres un ciudadano americano y ests casado con un extranjero que se encuentra fuera de EEUU puedes reclamarlo con una K-3 o con una tarjeta de residencia,  ¿quà © es mejor? Si te has casado y no sabes cul es el camino ms rpido y conveniente para que tu esposo/a venga a los Estados Unidos a vivir contigo como residente permanente legal lee esta comparativa antes de decidir quà © hacer. Elementos comunes a la K-3 y a la solicitud de la tarjeta de residencia para un esposo mediante el formulario I-130 En ambos casos tà º, el ciudadano americano, tienes que enviar la solicitud al Servicio de Ciudadanà ­a e Inmigracià ³n (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Si la aprueba, contactar directamente con el consulado correspondiente.El consulado citar a tu esposo/a para una entrevista y ser el oficial consular el que decida si aprueba la solicitud de visa K-3 o de la tarjeta de residencia, segà ºn la peticià ³n que tà º le presentaste al USCIS. Quà © pasa si solicitas una K-3 para tu cà ³nyuge La K-3 una visa que permite al esposo/a de un ciudadano americano entrar en Estados Unidos. Una vez aquà ­ deber realizar un ajuste de estatus para conseguir la greencard.  A consecuencia de ello hay que dedicar unos seis meses a esta tramitacià ³n. Quà © pasa si solicitas una tarjeta de residencia Si en la entrevista el oficial consular aprueba la peticià ³n, entonces tu cà ³nyuge recibir una visa de inmigrante para entrar en Estados Unidos. Cuando llega a la frontera y le sellan el pasaporte se convierte en residente permanente legal. Y en unos meses recibir por correo ordinario la tarjeta de residencia. (pero residente es desde el momento en que entra a Estados Unidos).  ¿Cul es la ventaja y desventaja de la K-3 sobre la peticià ³n del permiso de residencia? Hubo un tiempo en el que las K-3 se tramitaban de una manera ms rpida y por eso habà ­a quien las preferà ­a para acortar el tiempo en el que los esposos permanecà ­an separados. Sin embargo,  hoy en dà ­a esto ya no es asà ­. El tiempo de demora de las tarjetas de residencia para los esposos de los ciudadanos que se encuentran en otro paà ­s varà ­a entre los seis meses y el aà ±o, en la mayorà ­a de los casos. Depende en gran medida de la oficina del USCIS que tramite la peticià ³n y del consulado en el que tiene lugar la entrevista. Otra desventaja de la K-3 que puede afectar a algunas parejas es que la entrevista consular ha de realizarse en el paà ­s en el que se celebrà ³ la boda (excepto si es Estados Unidos, en cuyo caso tendr lugar en el consulado del paà ­s en el que viva el novio extranjero). Por ejemplo, si una pareja donde la novia es de Estados Unidos y el novio de Colombia deciden casarse en Parà ­s durante un viaje romntico, tienen que saber que la entrevista para el visado no va a tener lugar en ningà ºn consulado colombiano, sino en uno francà ©s. Asà ­ que habrà ­a que viajar a otro paà ­s, con el consiguiente gasto.  ¿Cul es la ventaja de pedir directamente la tarjeta de residencia? Que el cà ³nyuge extranjero se convierte en residente nada ms pisar suelo de los Estados Unidos y ser procesado por un oficial de Inmigracià ³n en la aduana. No es necesario realizar un ajuste de estatus. Y como el tiempo de tramitacià ³n se ha reducido y se asemeja al de las visas K-3, realmente la opcià ³n ms ventajosa en la mayorà ­a de los casos es la de reclamar una tarjeta de residencia para el cà ³nyuge extranjero. A tener en cuenta Tanto en los casos de visas K-3 como de peticiones de tarjetas de residencia, la greencard ser condicional por dos aà ±os si los esposos llevan menos de dos aà ±os casados. Toma este test de respuestas mà ºltiples sobre la tarjeta de residencia.  ¡Te ayudar a evitar cometer errores! Documentos para realizar las peticiones En ambos casos necesitas rellenar la planilla (forma) I-130. Una vez que es aprobada por el USCIS (te lo notificar con un documento conocido como I-797), si deseas seguir el camino de la visa K-3 debers rellenar el formulario I-129F, incluir una copia del I-797 y enviarlo a la oficina de Dallas del USCIS.

Political and Economic Integration Processes in The Gulf Cooperation Essay

Political and Economic Integration Processes in The Gulf Cooperation Council - Essay Example The GCC Organizational structure looks like the EU structure with a Supreme Council made up of members from all countries in the GCC. From first appearances one might see a top down structure in the design. However, the top is shared by heads of the member states (based on the monarchic or emirate government). This makes the top divisional in its structure. The actual executive of the council is not by rank and size but rather rotated in alphabetical order of the member's names. Yet, despite the inherited leadership, it is somewhat democratic in its implementation: meetings of the supreme council are only valid if attended by at least two-thirds of the members. Under the Supreme Council there are several organizations designed as functional structure but arranged as matrix rather than a top down structure. Firstly, there is a Consultative Commission, formed of equal amounts of members from each state - its purpose is to study matters assigned by the Supreme Council. Along with that - there is the Commission for the Settlement of Disputes. Again, under the Supreme Council but is designed to allow for contingency factors and only used as needed. A Ministerial Council formed from the Ministers of Foreign Affairs - the head over this segment is the current head of the supreme council. This organization is in charge of policies, recommendations, and oversees other existing actions in all fields of specialty. Any ministerial subcommittee must first resolve and then refer the rulings to the Ministerial Council, who in turn, along with their recommendations on the rulings give to the Supreme Council for final approval. These rulings and recommendations must also be voted by two-thirds of the members to be counted as official. The Ministerial Council meets... This essay aims to identify long-term perspectives of the Gulf Cooperation Council as an integral regional union and also define development trends of its members countries. The GCC Organizational structure looks like the EU structure with a Supreme Council made up of members from all countries in the GCC. Globalization can be defined as a global networking that has welded together previously disparate and isolated communities on this planet into mutual dependence and unity of ‘one world. The opposite would be a more skeptic and Marxist indicated definition, like perspective that globalization is what the Third World have for centuries called colonization. One might even interpret globalism as a less offensive term for imperialism, not well received by developing countries with aspirations of their own international successes. Globalization is typically defined as a shift from localized human societies (including financial, political and religious systems) to linking distant communities of people and levels of industry, expanding them across regions and continents. Globalization can reduce the deficiencies of third world countries with technological advances and with equal allocation of resources. The completion of the Free Trade Agreement, started so long ago, would be a stronger indication of liberalization in the GCC. The willingness to team up with the European Union, a non-US entity, might just be a considered strategy to strengthen their unwillingness to embrace globalization.

American Association of Advertising Agencies Essay

American Association of Advertising Agencies - Essay Example Primarily, the concept of Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) blends the promotional tools of marketing so that they are able to perform in harmony with each other. Promotion is one of the ‘Ps’ in marketing mix and the tools when blended together, work optimally rather than in isolation. The integration is further augmented, beyond just communication when other levels of integration e.g. Data integration, internal and external integration and Vertical and Horizontal Integration is achieved. Horizontal Integration means that all the business functions of an organization are working in harmony with each other. For example, distribution, production, sales and finance departments should be conscious of the messages they deliver to the clients and must work in cohesion to achieve objectives of the business. Whereas, different departments like advertising and sales can fuse through data integration through marketing information system. On the other hand, Vertical Integra tion refers to the fact that communication and marketing aims must augment the higher organizational aims and objectives. Internal and External Integration are also very important components of Integrated Marketing Concept. Internal Integrations requires that all the employees of an organization are kept informed regarding strategic and tactical changes being implemented in the company. Moreover, they must be kept involved in the new developments from which the organization is undergoing, the new standards being set by the management and strategic partnership being envisaged. On the other hand, External Integration refers to a scheme in which all the external partners and stakeholders of the organization e.g. Public Relation agencies and Advertising blend seamlessly to provide a workable solution to the problems of the company. A lot of effort is required for Integrated Marketing Communications to deliver its desired benefits however, it can create a competitive advantage for the co mpany compared to an organization which uses traditional techniques for promotion and advertising. Through Integrated Marketing Communication, a company is able to develop a meaningful relationship with its customers through helping them through various stages of purchasing process. Thus, through Integrated Marketing Communication, an organization is able to retain its customers for life which gives it an edge over other companies. The organizations which utilize IMC concept are much more likely to yield profitability than the organizations which use traditional methods of communication. In fact, a unified message delivered by an organization is much more effective than a host of disjointed messages. A crystal clear and consolidated message is well received among the potential customers than myriad of commercials messages delivered every day. Integrated Marketing Communication can boosts sales of a company by disseminating a message which helps increase customers’ awareness a nd eases their choices. Company’s strategy to deliver timely information and special offers at the right time assists the customers in purchasing process. Finally, Integrated Marketing saves a lot of expenditure for the organizations as it reduces the need of duplication. Photography and graphics can be shared by various departments e.g. sales and advertising. This also reduces the time and workload on different section of the company as a single agency is responsible for all the communication needs. Ans4. An efficient channel of communication has to be selected by the communicator in order to get the desired results. In marketing practices, usually two types of communication channels are employed; personal and non-personal. Personal communication cha

Psychological Interventions in Patients with Cancer

Psychological Interventions in Patients with Cancer Introduction Patients with cancer may experience comorbid conditions such as anxiety and depression, and symptoms including fatigue, nausea and vomiting. Anxiety and depression are both very common and it has been estimated that 16–25% of newly diagnosed cancer patients experience either depression or depressed mood (DSM-IV criteria) (Sellick 1999). Studies in women with breast cancer have shown that up to 30% develop psychological morbidity (either anxiety or depressive disorder) within one year of diagnosis (Bleiker 2000; Maguire 2000). Cancer-related symptoms are also very common. As many as 70–80% of all cancer patients receiving chemotherapy experience nausea and vomiting (Lindley et al. 1989; Morrow 1992) and 78% of patients are estimated to be affected by fatigue (Ashbury et al. 1998), in particular those with advanced cancer and those receiving radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatment (Ahlberg et al. 2003; Jacobsen et al. 2007), where symptoms may persist even after treatment has finished (Servaes et al. 2002). The use of psychological interventions can be beneficial in the management of cancer-related conditions and symptoms and may result in improved quality of life and better long-term outcomes (Devine and Westlakes 1995). Psychological interventions may be classified into four groups (which also include broader psychosocial interventions) as described below (Fawzy et al.1995; Greer 2002; Edwards et al. 2004): Cognitive behavioural interventions involve the identification and correction of those thoughts, feelings and behaviours that may be involved in the development and/or maintenance of cancer-related symptoms or conditions (Jacobsen 1998). Individual psychotherapy interventions involve one-to-one interaction between patient and therapist, aimed at reducing feelings of distress and increasing the patient’s morale, self-esteem and ability to cope (Fawzy et al. 1995) Educational interventions provide patients with information about cancer, ways of coping with the disease and what resources are available to help them, with the aim of reducing commonly experienced feelings such as inadequacy, confusion, helplessness and loss of control (Fawzy et al. 1995). Group interventions may be either patient led or led by healthcare professionals and serve to provide social support for cancer patients (Leszcz and Goodwin 1998). One intervention within this category, supportive-expressive group therapy, involves building bonds, expressing emotions, improving the relationship between patient and healthcare professional and improving coping skills (Edwards et al. 2004). It is also important to consider the effectiveness of other interventions, such as the use of complementary therapies, which may be used alongside psychological interventions to achieve a greater improvement in cancer-related conditions and symptoms than those obtained using psychological interventions alone. This paper reports the process and findings of a literature review performed to identify and evaluate published literature on psychological interventions in patients with cancer, and other interventions that may also be effective in achieving improved psychological outcomes, together with a discussion of how the evidence gathered may guide informed decision-making on best clinical practice. Data sources and search strategy Electronic searches were performed on the Medline, CINAHL and PsychINFO databases for English language articles published between 1998 and 2008. Search terms included cancer AND intervention OR cancer AND therapy plus education OR patient education OR educational OR cognitive behavioural OR cognitive OR psychotherapy OR psychological OR supportive-expressive OR supportive OR group psychotherapy. For each trial, the quality of both the trial itself and the report in the published literature were assessed. Literature review Main results Well-designed, single or multicentre, randomised controlled trials involving large study samples were selected for inclusion, together with systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Only UK published literature was originally planned for inclusion; however, due to the limited number of high quality, well-designed studies identified, searches were performed again to identify suitable non-UK articles. Summary of studies selected Cognitive behavioural interventions One randomised controlled trial and one systematic review were identified from the UK-published articles found during the electronic searches. The randomised controlled study by Moynihan et al. investigated the use of adjuvant psychological therapy in 73 men with newly diagnosed, non-suicidal men with testicular cancer (Moynihan et al. 1998). This is a cognitive behavioural treatment programme designed specifically for patients with cancer. The therapist was a mental health nurse with experience of caring for testicular patients and who was trained in adjuvant psychological therapy techniques. Outcome measures included validated self-completed questionnaires such as the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the mental adjustment to cancer scale and the psychosocial adjustment to illness scale. The treatment group showed a minimal reduction in anxiety after 2 months and when adjustment for histology, stage of disease and type of treatment was made, the observed effect was not signifi cant. No between group differences in depression scores were observed after 2 months. After 1 year, control patients actually achieved better anxiety and depression scores than those in the treatment group. This study therefore concluded that there was no benefit from the use of adjuvant psychological therapy in men with testicular cancer. The systematic review performed by Richardson et al. evaluated the use of hypnosis for nausea and vomiting in patients with various types of cancer (Richardson et al. 2006). Study participants were children in 5 of the 6 randomised controlled studies selected. Meta-analyses demonstrated a large effect size of hypnosis compared with standard treatment, and this effect was at least as large as that achieved with cognitive-behavioural therapy. Limitations of this review were that the sample sizes of the studies included were small, and some of the studies were poorly described in the published literature. As the majority of the studies were conducted in children, further research is needed in adults to confirm these findings. A number of non-UK published studies evaluating the use of cognitive-behavioural training in patients with cancer were also identified. A randomised controlled study conducted by Korstjens et al. investigated the effects of physical plus cognitive-behavioural training compared with physical training alone on quality of life in 147 patients with various cancers who had completed treatment (Korstjens et al. 2008). Quality of life was measured using the RAND-36. After 12 weeks, there were no differences between groups in quality of life. It can therefore be concluded that adding cognitive-behavioural training had no added benefit on cancer survivors’ quality of life compared with physical training alone. Individual psychotherapeutic interventions Fenlon et al. conducted a randomised controlled trial to investigate the effect of relaxation training in reducing the incidence of hot flushes 150 women with primary breast cancer (Fenlon et al. 2008). Study participants in the treatment group received a single relaxation training session in conjunction with the use of practice tapes. Outcome measures included a patient diary and validated measures of anxiety and quality of life. After 1 month, the incidence and severity of hot flushes were significantly reduced (p Educational interventions A randomised controlled trial by Ream et al. evaluated an educational support intervention (i.e. investigator-designed information pack) for fatigue in 103 chemotherapy-naà ¯ve cancer patients. Additional psychological support was also provided by nurses. After 3 months, the intervention group reported significantly less fatigue, lower levels of anxiety, depression and distress, and better adaptive coping (all p Jones et al. carried out a randomised trial to investigate whether different types of educational information could increase interaction between the patient and others, thereby improving emotional support and psychological well-being (Jones et al. 2006). A total of 325 patients with breast or prostate cancer who were about to begin radiotherapy participated in the study. Patients were given either a general information booklet on cancer or else a booklet containing personalised information. Outcome measures included the use of Likert scales to score answers to questions on anxiety and depression (non-validated) and Helgeson’s social support questionnaire. Results showed no differences between groups in anxiety or depression scores but patients who received personalised information reported that they were more likely to show their booklet to others and believe it helped in discussions. These findings suggest that this type of intervention may have the potential to improve emoti onal well-being by increasing the levels of support patients receive from others. A systematic review conducted by Smith et al. evaluated the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction as supportive therapy (Smith et al. 2005). This is a highly-structured psycho-educational, skill-based therapy that combines mindfulness meditation with hatha yoga. Two randomised controlled and four uncontrolled trials were selected which used self-reported outcome measures for mood, stress, anxiety and quality of life. Study findings showed improvements in mood and sleep quality and reductions in stress in patients following the use of this intervention. However, the studies included in this review largely involved small sample sizes and may therefore be underpowered. Furthermore, the quality of the written study manuscripts was variable; for example, some contained limited descriptions of the randomisation process and a lack of methods on sampling and participant recruitment. While these results are encouraging and suggest that mindfulness-based stress reduction may be e ffective as a self-administered intervention for cancer patients, further research conducted through well-designed, randomised controlled trials is needed to confirm these preliminary findings. Group psychological interventions A non-UK published study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of hospital psychosocial support groups on emotional distress and quality of life in 108 women with breast cancer (Schou et al. 2007). Outcome measures involved the use of the validated Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the EORTC quality of life questionnaire. After 12 months, the prevalence of anxiety was significantly lower among group participants than in non-participants (19% vs 34%; p=0.04). These findings suggest that psychosocial support appears to have a long-term benefit on anxiety although the effects of this intervention on depression and quality of life were inconclusive in this study. Another non-UK published randomised controlled trial has been conducted to investigate the effect of supportive-expressive group therapy compared with educational materials on distress in 125 women with metastatic breast cancer (Classen et al. 2001). Participants were offered either one year of weekly group therapy plus educational materials or educational materials only. Outcome measures included the Profile of Mood States (POMS) to assess mood disturbance and Impact of Event Scale (IES) to assess change over time in trauma symptoms. Patients who received weekly therapy showed a significantly greater decline in traumatic stress symptoms than those in the control group but no between group differences in mood disturbance were observed. It can be concluded that supportive-expressive group therapy may offer some benefit in reducing distress in women with metastatic breast cancer. Complementary/alternative interventions Wilkinson et al. conducted a multicentre randomised controlled trial to investigate the effectiveness of aromatherapy massage in the management of anxiety and depression in 288 patients with cancer diagnosed with clinical anxiety and/or depression (Wilkinson et al. 2007). Patients were randomised to receive either a course of aromatherapy massage plus usual supportive care or supportive care only. Outcome measures included the validated State Subscale of the State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale. At 6 weeks post-randomisation, patients who received aromatherapy massage showed a significant improvement in clinical anxiety and/or depression compared with those receiving standard care only (p=0.001) but this effect was not sustained at 10 weeks post-randomisation (p=0.10) Patients receiving the aromatherapy intervention also recorded a greater improvement in self-reported anxiety at both 6 and 10 weeks than those in the control group (p=0.04). These results suggest that although aromatherapy massage may not confer long-term benefits to patients with cancer, short-term benefitsmmay be seen. Strengths and weaknesses of this literature review As previously stated, one of the major limitations of this review was that the original searches only included UK-published articles. As a lack of good quality published research was identified, further searches were conducted to identify suitable non-UK articles to include in the review. Although a number of studies were selected that recruited participants with various types of cancer, several studies involved patients with only breast cancer and only one study was conducted in men only. It may therefore be argued that the scope of this review was too narrow. One of the systematic reviews which were included (Richardson et al. 2007) involved small studies which were sometimes poorly designed or poorly written up. The findings of this systematic review should therefore be treated with caution until supported with data from randomised controlled trials. The strengths of this review are that well-designed randomised controlled trials were included, with sample sizes large enough for adequate power. The reports of these trials were generally good quality and comprehensively written with a logical flow. The aims and/or objectives were clearly stated, and descriptions of study design, participant recruitment and selection, and the randomisation process were included. Many of the outcome measures used were validated instruments, a description of all measures was included and appropriate statistical analyses were used to analyse the data. Implications for clinical practice Previous research and systematic reviews have reported conflicting findings on whether psychological interventions for patients with cancer are beneficial or not (Greer 2002; Edwards et al. 2004). The current review also presents conflicting data on the benefits of psychological interventions in cancer patients. Two of the studies selected presented evidence that cognitive behavioural interventions provide no added benefit to cancer patients. Interestingly, a systematic review concluded that hypnosis may be beneficial but many of the studies were conducted in children so whether these findings are also observed in adults requires further investigation. Individual psychotherapeutic interventions such as relaxation training may be beneficial for breast cancer patients in reducing distress although no improvement in anxiety or quality of life was observed. The effectiveness of these types of interventions in men and in patients with other types of cancer requires further research. Educational interventions and group psychological interventions produced the best outcomes of all the psychological interventions evaluated. In particular, the use of educational booklets and information packs, either used alone or in conjunction with psychological support, may result in improvements in psychological and emotional well-being in patients with cancer. Again, further research is needed to determine whether these types of interventions are beneficial in patients with all types of cancer. Psychosocial support groups and supportive-expressive group therapy have both been shown to be beneficial in women with breast cancer, particularly in reducing anxiety and distress. Further evidence is needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of these interventions in men. Complementary and/or alternative treatments such as aromatherapy may play a role as adjuvant therapies and can be beneficial in the short-term management of anxiety and depression in cancer patients. Conclusions This review has provided evidence that certain psychological interventions such as educational and group interventions may provide some benefit to cancer patients in the management of cancer-related conditions and symptoms including anxiety, depression, fatigue, nausea and vomiting. Both short- and long-term improvements in quality of life and emotional well-being may be achievable using these interventions but further research is needed to provide the evidence to guide best practice. Psychological and psychiatric support services are currently unable to meet demand from oncology services and the oncology nurse is ideally placed to play a key role in the provision of psychological care and support for cancer patients, either directly or as part of a multidisciplinary team. For example, educational interventions such as information leaflets can be developed and provided to patients by the oncology nurse, who would also able to lead group therapy sessions. It is essential that the nurse has sufficient knowledge of the most appropriate psychological intervention to use for patients and the skill and expertise to implement this effectively to ensure a successful outcome. Bibliography Ahlberg, K., Ekman, T., Gaston-Johannson, F., Mock, V. 2003, ’Assessment and management of cancer-related fatigue in adults’, Lancet, vol. 362, pp. 640–50. Ashbury, F.D., Findlay, H., Reynolds, B., McKerracher, K. A., ‘A Canadian survey of cancer patients’ experiences: are their needs being met? Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 298–306. Bleiker, E. M., Pouwer, F., van der Ploeg, H. M., Leer, J. W., Ader, H. J. 2000, ‘Psychological distress 2 years after diagnosis of breast cancer: frequency and prediction’, Patient Education and Counselling, vol. 40, pp. 209–17. Classen, C., Butler, L. D., Koopman, C., Miller, E., DiMiceli, Giese-Davis, J., Fobair, P., Carlson, R. W., Kraemer, H. C., Spiegel, D. 2001, ‘Supportive-expressive group therapy and distress in patients with metastatic breast cancer’, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 58, pp. 494–501. Devine, E. C. Westlakes, S. K. 1995, ‘The effects of psychoeducational care provided to adults with cancer: met-analysis of 116 studies’, Oncology Nursing Forum, vol. 22, vol. 9, pp. 1369–81. Edwards, A. G. K., Hulbert-Williams, N., Neal, R. D. 2008, ‘Psychological interventions for women with metastatic breast cancer’, The Cochrane Library, issue 2, CD004253. Fawzy, F., Fawzy, N., Arndt, L., Pasnau, R. 1995, ‘Critical review of psychosocial interventions in cancer care’, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 52, pp. 691–9. Fenlon, D. R., Corner, J. L., Haviland, J. S. 2008, ‘A randomized controlled trial of relaxation training to reduce hot flashes in women with primary breast cancer’, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 397–405. Greer, S. 2002, ‘Psychological intervention. The gap between research and practice’, Acta Oncol, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 238–43. Jacobsen, P. Hann, D. 1998, Cognitive-behaviour interventions. In: Psycho-oncology, Holland, J. (ed), Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 717–29. Jacobsen, P. B., Donovan, K. A., Vadaparampil, S. T., Small, B. J. 2007, ‘Systematic review and meta-analysis of psychological and activity-based interventions for cancer-related fatigue’, Health Psychology, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 660–7. Jones, R. B., Pearson, J., Cawsey, A. J., Bental, D., Barrett, A., White, J., White, C. A., Gilmour, W. H. 2006, ‘Effect of different forms of information produced for cancer patients on their use of the information, social support, and anxiety: randomised trial’, British Medical Journal, vol. 342, pp. 942–8. Korstjens, I., May, A. M., van Weert, E., Mesters, I., Tan, F., Ros, W. J., Hockstra-Weebers, J. E., van der Schrans, C. P., van den Borne, B, ‘Quality of life after self-management cancer rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial comparing physical and cognitive-behavioural training versus physical training’, Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 422–9. Leszcz, M. Goodwin, P. 1998, ‘The rationale and foundations of group psychotherapy for women with metastatic breast cancer’, International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 245–69. Maguire, P. 2000, ‘Psychological aspects. In: ABC of Breast Diseases, Dixon, M. (eds), BMJ Books, London, pp. 85–9. Moynihan, C., Bliss, J. M., Davidson, J., Burchell, L., Horwich, A. 1998, ‘Evaluation of adjuvant psychological therapy in patients with testicular cancer’, British Medical Journal, vol. 316, pp. 429–35. Ream, E., Richardson, A., Alexander-Dann, C. 2006, ‘Supportive intervention for fatigue in patients undergoing chemotherapy: a randomised controlled trial’, Journal of Pain Symptom Management, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 148–61. Richardson, J., Smith, J. E., McCall, G., Richardson, A., Pilkington, K., Kirsch, I. 2007, ‘Hypnosis for nausea and vomiting in cancer chemotherapy: a systematic review of the research evidence’, European Journal of Cancer Care, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 402–12. Schou, I., Ekeberg, O., Karesen, R., Sorensen, E. 2007, ‘Psychosocial intervention as a component of routine breast cancer care – who participates and does it help?’, Psycho-oncology, E-pub ahead of print. Sellick, S. Crooks, D. 1999, ‘Depression and cancer: an appraisal of the literature for prevalence, detection, and practice guideline development’, Psycho-oncology, vol, 8, pp. 315–33. Servaes, P., Verhagen, C., Bleijenberg, G. 2002, ‘Fatigue in cancer patients during and after treatment: prevalence, correlates and interventions’, European Journal of Cancer, vol. 38, pp. 27–43. Smith, J. F., Richardson, J., Hoffman, C., Pilkington, K. 2005, ‘Mindfulness-based stress reduction as supportive therapy in cancer care: systematic review’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 315–27. Wilkinson, S. M., Love, S. B., Westcombe, A. M., Gambles, M. A., Burgess, C. C., Cargill, A., Young, T., Maher, E. J., Ramirez, A. J. 2007, ‘Effectiveness of aromatherapy massage in the management of anxiety and depression in patients with cancer: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial’, Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 532–9. Table 1. Summary of main UK published studies selected

Explain What Aristotle Meant by the Final Cause. 25 Marks

Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and empiricist, he believed in sense experience, as well as student to Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Aristotle understood that the world around us is transient, impermanent. He believed that everything can be explained with his four causes and in order for humanity to understand the world we needed to use them. The four causes are Aristotle’s way of explaining the existence of an object, with the ‘final cause’ being the most important aspect of his theory as it gave the best explanation of an object.The final cause is the theory that all objects have an ultimate purpose for their existence, an important part of what it is. The route to the final cause is as follows, the first cause is the material cause, it refers to the matter of an object, it’s substance and room for change, so the material cause of a chair would be plastic and metal. The next cause is the efficient cause, this is what caused it, the agent that brought it about, for a chair this would be the manufacturer.Then there is the formal cause, the characteristics of an object, therefore the formal cause of a chair would be curved plastic seat with metal legs. Finally Aristotle stated the final cause, the purpose of something, it’s ultimate reasoning, and the chair’s purpose would be to allow someone to sit on it. Aristotle suggested that humans had the greatest potential of all things as part of their telos is to understand the world, learning the form and purpose of everything in the world. In addition, Aristotle brings in the concept of actuality and potentiality into his argument.Aristotle believed everything has potential and when it reached it’s potential end becomes something different it reaches it’s actuality. This then applies to the concept of the final cause, if everything has a purpose and, in the case of animate objects, realises it’s purpose, it will inspire itself to rea ch it’s potential and fulfill it’s function. Therefore the final cause was not only meant as an explanation that everything had a purpose, but an aspiration to create the thought that everything needs to accomplish it’s purpose and reach it’s potential.Where humans are concerned the final cause questions the telos of humanity. If humanity has not yet understood and realised it’s true purpose then how is it going to reach it’s full potential, according the Bible, humanity’s purpose is to follow the teachings of God and reach goodness yet science teaches us our purpose is survival. With these conflicting views it shows that Aristotle’s final cause can lead to many interpretations. The philosopher also said that when the purpose of an object is fully realised then full perfection is reached and it has achieved goodness, it has reached eudamonia.This means that the final cause is the ultimate cause, the cause of causes. As he was a student of Plato his concepts tend to link well to Plato’s, and in this case the idea that the purpose of an object is to reach perfection ties in with Plato’s theory of Forms and the Form of the good, with both philosophers acknowledging that everything has potentiality. Plato’s theory of Forms stated that there were two worlds, the world of appearances in which we live, and the world of Forms, and it is in this world of Forms where the all perfect Forms and Form of the good resides.Plato believed the Form of good is the perfect Form, it is eternal and all Forms in the world of appearances aim to achieve perfection and the Form of good. Aristotle acknowledged that all things in our universe are always trying to achieve perfection but he disagreed in the sense that these forms, that Plato said resided in another world, were what we see around us and substance and matter are what forms are made of.This links to the meaning of the final Cause as both Aristotle an d Plato believe and agree that everything in the physical world is striving to achieve perfection and this is it’s purpose, an example of this is of how technology is constantly advancing, each product progressing to achieve it’s purpose in new ways. Aristotle also understood that everything physical is transient, therefore if something was to move then another thing must have caused it to move.With the final cause he tried to figure out for what purpose was the movement was caused, and what was the actual cause of movement, when does potential become actual. Because if everything has a purpose and function, then this purpose and function had to be thought out and caused by something else, and this is what led Aristotle to the theory of the Prime Mover, with it’s purpose being the creator of the universe.Therefore the final cause also means the existence of God, it was another concept Aristotle used to not only explain the key factors of an object, but the objec t’s cause. If everything has a purpose then it must have a cause, and with Aristotle creating the idea of a Prime Mover, disregarding the theory of infinite regression, the only logical explanation for the cause of the universe is a God. Aristotle claimed the Prime Mover is eternal, actual and perfect, and only God could fit these characteristics.The final cause also ‘proves’ the existence of God as within the Bible it states that God has given humanity a purpose, and through the final cause we realise this purpose it true and therefore there must be a God or Prime Mover who caused this purpose. In conclusion there are many possible things that Aristotle meant by the final cause. It could be an explanation for each object and why it was created by ‘God’, but it could just as easily be an inspirational concept for humanity, by making sure we achieved our purpose by doing good and reaching our potential.Although the world is currently dominated by scie nce and it is seen as the only acceptable explanation and justification for everything’s purpose, the final cause offers deeper insights into everything’s purpose, especially humanity’s. Therefore I believe what Aristotle mainly meant by the final cause was just simple the explanation that everything had a purpose and that if humanity realised it’s true purpose and interpreted it as they would, then we would reach Eudamonia and full goodness.

Kfc strategic brand managemnt Essay

The fast food industry in Malaysia is saturated with players such as McDonalds, KFC, Wendy’s, Chili’s, Nandos and the like. The industry is relatively large in terms of the participating brands in fast food business. Fast food business is categorised according to the food served as well as their facilities and locations. There are restaurants selling specifically burgers, pizzas or only chicken, Mexican cuisine and many others. According the location, some restaurants are drive-ins whereas others provide in house catering as well as off premises catering.The market of the fast food business is stratified, but all in all inclusive of all groups of the society. As observed in many restaurants, they provide meals even for children, hence allowing all ages to enjoy their meals from the restaurants. Fast food business enjoys a high level of prominence in Malaysia as the trend of home cooking is currently on the fade, and the intertwinement of a busy life, promotes the fast foods as the reliable and available sources of food during breakfast, lunch and dinners. Moreover, the eating habits of Malaysians give a good breeding ground for the fast food industry to flourish as people are fond of food and eateries have become places where business deals are concluded as well as assignments completed, for instance Starbucks. As per this year, it is projected that the sales of this industry will jump up according with the increase of tourism as it is the proclaimed year of tourism; this will eventually see, the increment in revenues collected by the fast food restaurants as the tourists will add up to the current population in Malaysia. 1.2COMPANY OVERV IEW This study focuses on the brand of KFC or otherwise as known as Kentucky Fried Chicken. This is an international brand that hosts a large number of franchisees all over the world. KFC started in USA, and slowly infiltrated the rest of the world with its premier tasting chicken. In Malaysia, this brand started its operations in 1973; it has sustained a healthy growth over the years with many outlets being opened all around. With the introduction of ‘Meals on Wheels’, customers are able to be delivered food upon orders made through the internet or by the phone. The fast food business is very competitive as there is a stiff competition in securing market. The plenty number of fast food makes the competition even higher and harder, moreover,  it is not easy for newer businesses to penetrate especially if such a business does not do so with innovation. KFC has enjoyed recognition and surely it is a major brand. However with all the fame, KFC struggles with loyalty from customers. Customer loyalty is the tendency of customers having a strong purchase relationship with the business. Loyal customers are those who maintain purchases with the particular brand regardless of any changes. Customer loyalty can be expresses in two ways; either as a behaviour or the number of times that a customer comes back to purchase from the same brand. The increase of competition may be attributed as one of the causes that lead the decrease of loyalty. This is because the market is flooded with any options which a customer may be able to choose from. Moreover, innovative strategies and more value added service to purchases tend to decrease loyalty. The perception of service value is an important factor that builds or destroys loyalty. It has been an area where many brands have been concentrating on in order to keep in phase with the on-going competition. KFC has attempted to revise its menu and incorporate new stuff that will make its brand more adorable to customers. Initially, KFC has been centred on its 11 spiced recipe of chicken. The core product I KFC is its fried chicken; over time, the brand has added burgers, pokkits, rice and potatoes to its menu so as to improve the menu by diversifying what they offer. 1.3BRAND A brand is termed as an identification of a particular product or service that is specifically different from other product. The study of brand equity and its management produces loyalty from customers that is highly associated with satisfaction. Brand equity that takes a customer centered approach enables the easy creation and maintenance of loyalty. Brand equity, as explained by Keller consists of brand salience, performance, imagery, judgement, feeling and brand resonance. Keller portrayed the composition of brand equity in a form of a pyramid where brand salience forms the base and brand resonance is at the apex of the pyramid. 1.4SALIENCE This is at the base of the pyramid, and in fact it is the foundation of a brand. This depicts the extent that a customer considers your brand during purchase. It deals with the situation whether your brand is recognisable or  even well thought of by customers. for the success of any brand, there is a need of having a strong salience amongst customers, as this wil affect the chances of your brand being sold or even adored by customers. KFC fares reasonably well with salience, as its products carry much recognition as well as they is generally accepted by the market. This is evident by the fact the chicken meals served there as it is distinguished for only selling amazingly tasting chicken. Brand salience consists of brand awareness and brand associations. Brand awareness is defined as the extent to which a product is recognised and recalled. Brand associations are the connotations that surround the product. As explained above, salience forms the base of brand management that eventua lly leads to loyalty and satisfaction. If at all a company lacks or has minimal salience, it is highly likely that it shall face much challenges to sustain its existence. 1.5PERFORMANCE Performance is on the second tier of the brand equity pyramid. After the establishment of the brand identity in the salient base of the pyramid, next is the performance and imagery. To further mark a distinction of a product from another, there is a need to highlight or show how the product performs, albeit its functions or in what way does it satisfy the need and desires of customers. Brand performance highlights its relevancy, value and service of the product. In terms of KFC, the performance is at the capacity of a meals restaurant where each meal is value added to allow the customers to enjoy partaking their meals. However, in the performance of the service, many flaws are identified in KFC that may amount to the decline in loyalty. Apart from the rich flavours of the food as expected, the service given is usually below expectation. There are usually long queues in the outlets as well as the level of tideness and cleanliness is a debatable issue. These factors give a low percepti on of the service given, hence a potential obstacle to customer loyalty. 1.6IMAGERY This term encompasses the image and personality of a brand. The image of the brand is what the brand projects or portrays to the customers whereas brand personality reflect on the values and visions that a product embraces. Actually, brand imagery is all about the definition of a brand. This is important as it describes the features and peculiarities tat are unique to  the brand alone. KFC attempts to project itself as a restaurant where a family can always have reliable means. On top of that, it has identified itself to be selling halal food; of which it is an added advantage with regards with the high number of population in the country consuming only halal foods. More so, it has identified itself as children-friendly by providing kiddies meal as well as areas where kids can host their birthday parties. In general, I has established itself to be a casual dining area where individuals can enjoy their meals in a relaxed manner. 1.7JUDGEMENTS These refer to the some of the responses from customers towards the products. This covers judgements in terms of action as well as spoken word on the product. Furtherly, judgements of the brand acts as a feedback mechanism to the brand by showing whether the customers as the sole market for the product are by any chance impressed with the products. KFC has been able to gather positive comments over te quality of service and the items on the menu, but there has been a slump in the feedback that has been received. Customers judge it as being an innovative compared to the other restaurants. This has pushed KFC to revise its menu items and introduce some tangible changes to the products, for instance the introduction of Zinger burger Reloaded, and in a bid to diversify their menu items, the introduction of more fish based meals in the menu. 1.8FEELINGS Feelings towards the brand work hand in hand with the judgements over the brand. This is more likely the satisfaction meter of a product amidst its customers. It addresses the potential feelings that are harboured by the customers to the product and the service altogether. The issue is whether it makes the customers feel all the positive feelings and emotions towards it. KFC is positively thought of by many customers as the meal is quite special in a way. Together with the corporate social responsibility program it has embarked on; the one of building homes for the homeless, the society does not repel it as it is a positive act. In addition to that, the number of employment it creates, alone, allows people to develop a positive outlook to it. 1.9RESONANCE Brand resonance is at the topmost part of the pyramid. It reflects the  relationship between the product and the customer. It expresses the level of attachment that a customer has to the product. More so, it points out the level of engagement the product yields on a customer. Brand resonance is measured in terms of its activity and intensity. The depth and extent of this engagement between the product and the customer result as the product of the salience, performance as well as the judgement and feelings bore by the customers to the brand. KFC seeks to maintain a high level of attachment of customers. However, it should be noted that, loyalty has a foundation in keeping the customers satisfied. The approval of the customer, in terms of the feedback from the customers help in the building of better channels where loyalty is groomed. 10.0RECOMMENDATIONS IMPROVEMENTS IN THE QUALITY OF SERVICE OFFERED. There is always room for improvement in terms of the services rendered by the company. The reluctance to improvements is costly. This is evident from the fact that retaining a customer is less costly compared to the conversion and recruiting new customers. With such knowledge, it is essential that operational activities are constantly under review as well as scrutinised for their performance. The review of feedback is necessary as it generally maps out the perception of the service by customers. Such improvements can be in the form of fast service provision as well as more levels of hygiene in the outlets. TRAINING OF STAFF in order to increase the responsive nature of the brand, there is a need to continuously train the staff of the company so that the product and services offered are distinguished from their high levels of credibility and performance; this is interpreted as good perception of the brand by the customers. KFC should implement the time to time checks and training to the employees to make sure the customers are attended to with utmost importance. BRAND MARKETING To improve on the loyalty of customers, it is suggested to reinforce the  marketing strategies undertaken by the company. Market strategies are based on the 4 Ps are Product, Price, Product and Promotion. An effective marketing mix will enable the brand to be positioned in an advantageous place. For the case of KFC, the brand manager may opt on placing more promotions and refining the product in order to better suit the wants of the customers. the marketing of the brand should aim at establishing satisfaction on the side of the customers so that loyalty can be promoted. INTRODUCTION OF DISCOUNT CARDS This suggestion directs to the introduction of cards or coupons that will offer discount upon purchase of the products. It may be a way of marketing, but it actually serves both purposes; marketing and loyalty in customers. These cards or coupon act like a link between the customers and the brand since the customers may view it as more economical sound to utilise the coupons or cards to purchase the same brand. In other sense, these cards give a sense of relation, making it fussy for customers to switch brands as they will consider this as the switching cost. FOCUS ON A REPEAT BUSINESS With the market competition set so high, it is crucial for a brand that seeks to maintain customer loyalty to gear the operational philosophy towards generating an atmosphere that encourage repeated purchases. The brand manager should focus every aspect of the brand to achieve this goal. This will help to maintain loyalty in customers as repeated transactions are highly encouraged. This can be in the form of giveaways, or free products when a certain number of purchases re made. For instance, KFC may offer free meal on the fifth visit to the restaurant. This helps in locking the customers in the restaurant. PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT There is a need of assessment of the performance of the outlets in order to be able to raise the bar of standards higher, keeping in mind that satisfaction is key to customer loyalty. This assessment can be carried out by considering the comments of the customers s well as by assessing whether the key performance indicators are achieved in due time and thoroughly. In the scene of KFC, this is possible through the crosscheck and assessment of the outlets by putting a comments box where customers are free to leave comments with regards to the service they got. TEAMING UP WITH TRENDS The society at present is flooded with trends. This can be in the form of personalities, games or even movies. The teaming up with whatever is trending in the society puts the brand in a position where it hammers a competitive advantage over the market. For instance, McDonald’s is assured with loyalty from customers by the contract it as with te upcoming FIFA World Cup. KFC should follow suit with the sponsoring of a great event, and thus, it will also secure a great deal of allegiance from customers. CONCLUSION Customer loyalty is an advantage for a business because of two main things. First, loyalty asures increased revenues and sales and secondly, loyalty gives a prestigious feeling. Any flourishing business desires to be known by the population as well as attaining profits from the service rendered. KFC is a brand that is mature in the market hence, it has experienced times and times of revenues, however loyalty is slumping. The time is right for KFC to re-invent itself, not only on what meals they sell, but a wole change that will rejuvenate the business. This sort of changes aims to be innovative and strategic, and will target the operations of KFC as a brand. KFC should strive to have the competitiveness that is market wothy. References Garvin,D(1988),Managing quality: the strategic and competitive edge, Free Press, New York. Jacoby, J. & Chestnut, RW (1978), Brand Loyalty: Measurement and Management, John Wiley, New York. Loverlock, C. & Wirtz, J. (2004), Service Marketing, 5th edition, Pearson Education International, New York. 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